hckrnws
"A test payload for Milan and Genoa CPUs that makes the RDRAND instruction return 4"... Turns out kernel RNG belt-and-suspenders was justified?
"in theory" Linux, at least, was supposed to use rdrand's output as _one_ source of entropy, not _the only_ source.
No idea what Windows et al do for this, or if that's still true, but I believe the above description was how the argument was originally ended.
Also, tbh, if you can patch arbitrary instruction behavior, just replacing rdrand seems like far too ham fisted a tool with the level of versatility in your hands...
Linux's rdrand use is proof against it returning bad output, but is not proof against malicious microcode. Reason for this is that the malicious microcode can examine register contents and alter the value it's returning so that mixing it into the previous source of randomness produces the desired evil value.
Sure, but as stated, if you don't trust the CPU at all, rdrand becomes the least of your concerns.
The thing is, all the other ways you can compromise the kernel from microcode are at least theoretically detectable. A security researcher could study how the cpu operates and find the exploit. If RDRAND is surreptitiously replacing all your random numbers with AES of the current time, you cannot find that out from observing behavior.
I agree that worrying about RDRAND shouldn't probably be on the top of anyone's priorities, but there is some cause to at least use it defensively, for example using it to pre-fill buffers with random values in a different context, so that subversion would in the very least require memory references, instead of running RDRAND in the context of your RNG.
I think you may be overestimating the scale of attack that can be accomplished within the constraints of a microcode update. Given that the CPU has to still seem to be operating normally while using malicious microcode, how much space out of the few kilobytes of a microcode update file is really available for implementing a subtle attack, complete with monitoring the state of the larger system to detect a trigger condition or locate specific information (such as the timestamp you mention)? Sure, malicious microcode theoretically has access to basically everything, but the severely limited payload makes it a lot harder to pull off complicated attacks.
> If RDRAND is surreptitiously replacing all your random numbers with AES of the current time, you cannot find that out from observing behavior.
Should you not see it from timing alone being wrong?
Had the same thought. But then on the other hand, when nobody is looking at the timing, nobody will see anything. And those who do see a timing artifact, will they really dig deeper or will they just shrug off another oddity? I would not like to bet on another Clifford Stoll in this day and age.
RDRAND is very slow and you can fix up the timing with a slowdown loop in the microcode.
An article mentioning this kind of attack: https://blog.cr.yp.to/20140205-entropy.html
Windows collects hardware device entropy and mixes it into the pool.
It also persists the pool across reboots so it doesn't start empty.
For organizations like the NSA, a simple hack like this is the opposite of ham-fisted, though presumably they'd try to ensure the output would pass common statistical tests. The utility in quietly breaking cryptographic protocols is presumably a major reason why it was chosen for the proof-of-concept.
Sure, but that was my point, was that just overriding rdrand would be much more ham-fisted than any practical attack I would expect someone to weaponize this into outside of a PoC.
Intel's theory I believe was that it could become the only source. The argument in favor I think is the same one you are making now: anything that could hack the chip deeply enough to break rdrand is powerful enough to achieve the same goals in another way.
I'm sure Intel loved that idea, given that I don't think RDRAND showed up on AMD chips for 3 years after Intel launched support for it, and that would let them look much better on a number of benchmarks for that duration...
I think you misunderstand where in the pipeline RDRAND would sit. It's not a high-performance RNG, that instruction takes hundreds of cycles and generates a couple bytes of data. It's used to derive keys for the actual CSPRNG providing e.g. /dev/urandom (which is basically a stream cipher). Having or not having RDRAND would have no performance impact on the CSPRNG.
Sure, but as I recall, in those days, the system would happily block for a bit if you managed to drain the estimated entropy pool low enough by doing something like generating an openssh key on first boot, so having another source that the competition takes 3 years to implement could have provided noticable performance benefits for things people notice, like how slow first boot is, in the days before zx2c4 looked at Linux's /dev/random code and hit it with hammers.
(I'm not insisting on that workflow or example being an uptick, just that that's a concrete example of how having an additional source back then could have caused noticable performance differences. I'm aware you're not calling rdrand for your /dev/urandom or random accesses, now or then.)
I wouldn't focus so much on the rdrand part. That's more a proof that they have crafted a custom microcode than trying to say that rdrand is broken.
I think the argument for entropy mixing was that RDRAND could be broken, not that it was broken. On these processors, apparently yes it could.
Rdrand was known to be previously broken.
https://www.reddit.com/r/archlinux/comments/1d9aazw/rdrand_n...
Life imitates art: https://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/random_number.png
I assume the Google engineers have a sense of humor
I realize the OP is explicitly (w/r/t 4) a reference to XKCD, but See Also: Dilbert 2001-10-25 :)
https://web.archive.org/web/20011027002011/http://www.dilber...
That's a reference to the PS3's RNG.
I always thought the same when seeing that XKCD comic, but turns out it was the opposite. PS3 hack (2010) came 3 years after the XKCD comic(2007), they even used it as one of slides during 27C3 presentation. https://media.ccc.de/v/27c3-4087-en-console_hacking_2010#t=2...
Oh my.
oh fuck i had forget that blast of a presentation
Can a CPU implement RDRAND however it wants, or are there specifications that constrain it in some way?
E.g. if a CPU were to put a microscopic lavalamp and camera inside it and use a hash code of pictures taken from this lavalamp as the result of RDRAND: would that be compliant?
I know microscopic lavalamp in CPU is not physically feasible, what I'm asking is if RDRAND is broken by design, or proper physics based RNG's could be used to implement if a CPU maker wanted to
Yes ! I wonder what's the Windows implementation of the equivalent API.
> Windows 10 has many entropy sources; these work together to ensure that the OS has good entropy. Different entropy sources guarantee good entropy in different situations; by using them all the best coverage is attained.
> Interrupt Timings
> The primary entropy source in Windows 10 is the interrupt timings. On each interrupt to a CPU the interrupt hander gets the Time Stamp Count (TSC) from the CPU. This is typically a counter that runs on the CPU clock frequency; on X86 and X64 CPUs this is done using the RDTSC instruction.
> ...
> The Intel RDRAND instruction is an on-demand high quality source of random data.
> If the RDRAND instruction is present, Winload gathers 256 bits of entropy from the RDRAND instruction. Similarly, our kernel-mode code creates a high-pull source that provides 512 bits of entropy from the RDRAND instruction for each reseed. (As a high source, the first 256 bits are always put in pool 0; providing 512 bits ensures that the other pools also get entropy from this source.)
> Due to some unfortunate design decisions in the internal RDRAND logic, the RDRAND instruction only provides random numbers with a 128-bit security level. The Win10 code tries to work around this limitation by gathering a large amount of output from RDRAND which should trigger a reseed of the RDRAND-internal PRNG to get more entropy. Whilst this solves the problem in most cases, it is possible for another thread to gather similar outputs form RDRAND which means that a 256-bit security level cannot be guaranteed.
> Based on our feedback about this problem, Intel implemented the RDSEED instruction that gives direct access to the internal entropy source. When the RDSEED instruction is present, it is used in preference to RDRAND instruction which avoids the problem and provides the full desired guarantees. For each reseed, we gather 128 output bytes from RDSEED, hash them with SHA-512 to produce 64 output bytes. As explained before, 32 of these go into pool 0 and the others into the ‘next’ pool for this entropy source.
Run the patch and find out.
Security implications aside, the ability to load custom microcode onto these chips could have fascinating implications for reverse engineering and understanding them better.
Security implications? This is a win for distributed security - it's a "vulnerability" in the sense of the end of a movie where the evil overlord's plan falls apart.
> This vulnerability could be used by an adversary to compromise confidential computing workloads protected by the newest version of AMD Secure Encrypted Virtualization, SEV-SNP or to compromise Dynamic Root of Trust Measurement.
I don't know whether the people who write this upside-down corpo newspeak are so coked up on the authoritarian paradigm that they've lost touch with the reality, or if they're just paid well enough by the corpos to not care about making society worse, or what. But I'll translate:
This "vulnerability" might be used by the owner of a computer to inspect what their computer is actually doing or to defend themselves against coercion aiming to control the software they're running.
I am all for Right to Repair, and am upset with the "evil overlords" as much as the next guy. But, to present the treacherous computing argument all on its own, is, well, incomplete. I am a huge fan of Ross Anderson, RIP. However, the reality is that while DRTM was originally envisioned primarily for DRM applications, it is nowadays leveraged to protect PCs against bootkits and the like. YOU may like to own your computer through and through, down to the microcode, but, for most people, their computer is viewed as a product, that they trust vendors to secure for them. If ultimate control is so important to you, can you not buy any machine you like, including one based on a RISC-V open-source processor?
https://community.amd.com/t5/business/amd-and-microsoft-secu...
> If ultimate control is so important to you, can you not buy any machine you like, including one based on a RISC-V open-source processor?
This argument (or the individualist approach in general) no longer works in the context of remote attestation ("Dynamic Root of Trust Measurement"). As soon as the "average person" has a computer that can be counted on to betray what software they're running, remote parties will start turning the screws of coercion and making everyone use such a machine.
Yes, remote attestation is tantamount to the hardware snitching on the execution, and not necessarily to the benefit of the platform owner. I agree with you, that from a game theoretic perspective, as soon as the vast majority of platforms betray user trust, those seeking to use other machines will be left stranded. However, despite the above dynamics, you could still buy any machine you like and use it any way you like, just like app stores have alternatives. You may not like the alternative, but that is a different story.
Knowing nothing about you, it is safe to assume that you may use the dollar or similar currency, either directly or indirectly. Why would you choose to do that? Such currencies come with lots of rules and regulations about what you can and cannot do. Society must keep track of who has how much in banks, and individuals are held liable should there be an overdraft. Remote attestation may certainly put a damper on doing your own thing with your computer, but you can choose whether you wish to pay the price of participating in the economy. Not sure if the above is a great analogy, probably a terrible one, but the bygone ideal of having your computer acting solely in your interest is simply not very realistic. At the very least, controlling the microcode will not give you the control you seek, because there are too many other layers in the stack that are routinely broken, and you are always one exploit away from joining a botnet. No matter how you wish to spin it, your computer is not yours, and obeys many masters. If you feel otherwise, please offer a counterexample to the preceding statement.
I can't follow the logic.
In the context of remote attestation, they can revoke the key and vulnerability like these won't help.
I was talking about the direct capabilities.
You're talking about the first order reaction.
The reaction to that reaction is that the noose of remote attestation develops slower. As things currently stand, they can't revoke the attestation keys of all the affected processors with websites (etc) just telling the large numbers of people with with those computers that they need to buy new ones. Rather the technological authoritarians have to continue waiting for a working scheme before they can push the expectation of remote attestation being something that is required.
Also I’m curious if there’s opportunity for an all out perf variant from home brewers.
Eg. Throw away all spectre mitigations, find all the hacks to get each instructions timing down, etc.
While you’re at it, allow for a few more ulp (units of least place) error for floating point ops.
Kidding aside, my understanding is this sort of thing cannot be microcode patched.
But I would be pleased to be proven wrong.
It can be patched, see example in "constant-time hardware division" section in https://misc0110.net/files/cpu_woot23.pdf (code: https://github.com/pietroborrello/CustomProcessingUnit/blob/...). You probably won't observe any improvement unless you know an algo massively better than reciprocals+newton.
I wonder how much of the built-in microcode you could replace with Free-as-in-Freedom equivalents, I expect not all of it due to available SRAM?
Unless you want to break the CPU, huge portions would have to be bit-to-bit equal, which makes the exercise have easy lower value (is it "free as in freedom" if it's effectively a bit wise copy?) while adding legal issues (it would not just be derivative work, it works be mostly an exact copy)
This reminds me of a decade-old utility called "Bulldozer Conditioner" that claimed to increase performance of certain AMD CPUs dramatically (and was verified by benchmarks), yet the author was extremely avoidant of the technical details of how it was accomplished --- AFAIK no one publicly RE'd and posted information on it that I could find, and I never got around to doing it either, but now I wonder if he had figured out how to modify and optimise(!) the microcode.
I was curious, so I took a look at Bulldozer Conditioner. It seems it's working by flipping some chicken bits in un(or not very well)documented MSRs. The same kind of registers that were used to disable certain processor optimizations in service to spectre mitigations.
It would be interesting to have an open source microcode community.
As an end user, I wonder how my cloud provider can prove to me that they installed AMD's fix and are not simply running a malicious version of the microcode on their CPU that claims to have the fix.
It's in the CVE: "AMD SEV-SNP users can verify the fix by confirming TCB values for SNP in their attestation reports."
You can read about how this works here: https://www.amd.com/content/dam/amd/en/documents/epyc-techni...
If you aren't using SEV-SNP / attested compute, you have bigger fish to fry anyway since you have no actual trust in your hypervisor.
While I agree with you, from experience most people and most workloads definitely aren't using SEV-SNP. The hypervisor and the cloud provider are always assumed to be honest.
I personally evaluated this technology a few years ago, and even just moving a small part of our team's workload to SEV-SNP faced so much resistance from the VP level. I'm not sure if that's more of a problem with bureaucracy at my old employer or a general problem.
Oh, 100%. My point was just: if you're worried that you can't audit your cloud provider's microcode patch level because you aren't using SEV-SNP, you have a threat model where their microcode patch level is not particularly relevant to you to begin with.
For the large providers (Amazon, Google, Microsoft), they buy so many CPUs that they for issues like this, they tend to be given the fixes before they are released to the public. So I'd wager that those 3 already have patched their entire fleet.
Try to install your own patch for RDRAND and check that it is returning 4? Of course, getting 4 multiple times doesn't mean you have succeeded [0].
[0] https://duckduckgo.com/?q=dilbert+random+generator+nine+nine... (couldn't find a good link to the comic)
The exploit doesn't work in a VM.
In theory the PSP should probably attest the microcode but I don't know if that exists.
SEV-SNP VMs can obtain an attestation report [0].
[0] - https://www.amd.com/content/dam/amd/en/documents/epyc-techni...
What does it actually attest though?
The running microcode's revision ID?
Or the running microcode's ROM version plus loaded patch lines plus active match registers plus whatever settings were adjusted in config registers during the act of loading?
That is, attest the actual and complete config that is running, or some pointless subset that instills a false sense of security?
It would be good for AMD (and Intel etc.) to provide better details here.
Will the OS fix the microcode, or will a BIOS flash be required?
Don't microcode updates require a restart as well.
Microcode updates aren't persistent, they're loaded into on-CPU-SRAM by firmware and/or kernel.
They do not.
I don't think you can, necessarily, except by basically declaring bankruptcy on the old trust root on the systems and teaching everyone not to trust the old root.
As long as the vulnerability doesn't let them actually extract the secrets necessary to simulate completely arbitrary operations including with any future keys, I _think_ you can trust the new attestation chain afterward?
I've not been paid to work on this, though, and it would be pretty easy to have accidentally built it in a way where this is a world-ending event, and truly paranoid workloads in the future are going to insist on only using silicon that can't have ever been compromised by this either way.
hugs the Q6600 don’t you ever die on me, you precious space heater.
"This vulnerability allows an adversary with local administrator privileges (ring 0 from outside a VM) to load malicious microcode patches."
"Vulnerability"
These restrictions should never have been in place in the first place.
If the attacker has ring 0 outside a VM, don't they have full access to the memory and execution state anyway?
On AMD server CPUs, the administrator of the cloud/datacenter is supposed to not have access to the encrypted memory used by customers' VMs.
This vulnerability breaks this assumption.
"This vulnerability allows a local administrator (ring 0 from outside a VM) to load clean microcode patches free of the vendor's malicious features."
I don't know how exploitable this really is, as a lot of Linux systems load microcode at boot time... once it's been loaded, I don't think it's possible to load another one (outside of rebooting).
It is possible, but it's generally not a good idea.
https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Microcode#Late_loading
https://docs.kernel.org/arch/x86/microcode.html#late-loading
although quotes from this article claim that it's fine specifically on AMD systems:
To my understanding, part of the reason that was a problem was that Intel wanted to killswitch feature bits like SGX, but since Linux saves the feature bit state when it inits the CPUs, and then other things might change codepaths based on that, if you then killswitch it later, boom might go the dynamite.
(I believe this example would also still break on AMD-based systems, AMD just hasn't killswitched a CPUID feature flag yet AFAIR...)
Does anyone know if this is the same vulnerability that ASUS leaked in a beta BIOS?
To the very best of my knowledge, yes, it is.
Comment was deleted :(
Reminder that AMD has stopped providing microcode updates for consumer platforms via linux-firmware.
index of linux-firmware, 41 cpus supported: https://github.com/divestedcg/real-ucode/blob/master/index-a...
index of my real-ucode project, 106 cpus supported: https://github.com/divestedcg/real-ucode/blob/master/index-a...
sadly, unless you have this recent agesa update you can no longer load recent microcodes due to this fix
which very well means quite a substantial amount of models whose vendors don't provide a bios update for this (since it goes back to zen1) will not be able to load any future fixes via microcode
Move over Android ROM enthusiasts, real geeks run their own microcode.
How do they know the internal microcode structure of instructions or even format?
Some people are very good at this, e.g. https://app.media.ccc.de/v/35c3-9614-inside_the_amd_microcod...
> CPU uses an insecure hash function in the signature validation
Do we know what this "insecure hash function" is/was?
$5 says CRC32
More likely a SHA variant that is susceptible to a second preimage (collision) attack.
High seems a bit extreme to me. If you have something malicious running in ring 0, you are already in big trouble.
The idea of confidential compute / AMD Secure Encrypted Virtualization is that even with root outside the VM, you can't read the memory of the workloads running within a VM. Additionally, those inner workloads can attest that they are running in a secure environment.
It is expected for a ring 0 user to be able to load the microcode it wants... no vuln here.
> A test payload for Milan and Genoa CPUs that makes the RDRAND instruction return 4
I would be tickled pink if the 4 was in reference to https://xkcd.com/221/
Hi, I'm one of the authors and yes it was :)
Did you roll your own die or just trust that Randall's original die roll was sufficiently random?
It’s a well recognized standard
We thank you for your service
Of course it was.
Doesn't this give enough detail for someone to replicate easily? I'd think it would not be too hard to look at the signature and find the insecure function used.
There's been a bunch of scattered public research on microcode payload signatures over the years.
I would speculate that the problem is less that the hash function is weak inherently (otherwise we'd have a really complicated horizon of needing to chain microcode updates since we'd eventually want to e.g. go from MD5 to SHA1 or something), and more that the implementation has a flaw (similar to things like Nintendo using strcmp and not memcmp on their hash comparisons in the Wii, so you only had to collide the function to the first \0).
recent microcode appears to be rejected by older agesa in my testing, so it is very possible it is more than an implementation issue
under agesa 1.2.0.2b
> microcode: CPU1: update failed for patch_level=0x0a60120c
under agesa 1.2.0.3a PatchA (which asus leaked that it fixes this issue)
> microcode: Updated early from: 0x0a60120c
They're trying to validate that you're using a trusted version of AGESA. This is probably intentional, the AMD bulletin[^1] mentions this (ie. for Milan):
> Minimum MilanPI_1.0.0.F is required to allow for hot-loading future microcode versions higher than those listed in the PI.
Now that runtime loading of microcode patches cannot be implicitly trusted, the machine should not attempt to prove AMD's authorship of the newly-loaded patch without a concrete guarantee that the current microcode patch is trustworthy.
Presumably (load-bearing italics), the contents of an AGESA release (which contains the patch applied by your BIOS at boot-time) can be verified in a different way that isn't broken.
[^1]: https://www.amd.com/en/resources/product-security/bulletin/a...
interesting!
I suppose a sufficiently older agesa may actually load the newer microcode then if that was a recent addition in preparation for this
Does this patch persist across power cycles / reboots?
no
Are there any tutorials on writing custom microcode? I imagine it would be like ring0 driver programming on steroids! Pretty cool.
> we will not be sharing full details at this time in order to give users time to re-establish trust on their confidential-compute workloads.
What a load of shit! Confidence is earned, it does not grow back like a weed you stepped on!
They promised additional details in March - a month away. If they don't release that information in March then you can sharpen your pitchforks.
I feel like this is a technical trust re-establishment, hence calling out specifically confidential-compute workloads
They only shared it now because Asus accidentally leaked it in release notes for a BIOS update Beta.
With ASUS leaking the fix in a beta bios one could go that route.
Damn, now all those hostile microcode patches I'm always attempting to load might actually work?
Privileged code can load microcode? Duh, "vulnerability".
There are multiple privilege levels. Microcode has higher privilege than an OS/VMM does.
Crafted by Rajat
Source Code